See dūnā on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dune"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "down"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "doun"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "down"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "dune"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dune"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "down"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "doun"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "down"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "doun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"raw_tags": [
"f or m"
],
"word": "dūn"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"word": "Dune"
},
{
"lang": "West Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"word": "dún"
}
],
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "*dūn"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düün"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Dien"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyn"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "dûne"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düün"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Dien"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyn"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "dunne"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düün"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Dien"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyn"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "don"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düün"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Dien"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyn"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "done"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düün"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Dien"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyn"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"raw_tags": [
"m"
],
"word": "donne"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "*dūna"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düün"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Dien"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyn"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "dûne"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düün"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Dien"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyn"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "dunne"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düün"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Dien"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyn"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "don"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düün"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Dien"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyn"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "done"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düün"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Dien"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyn"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"raw_tags": [
"m"
],
"word": "donne"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"raw_tags": [
"m"
],
"word": "*dūn"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"word": "duin"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "duin"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"word": "Dune"
},
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"word": "Dúune"
},
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "Duune"
},
{
"lang": "West Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"raw_tags": [
"n"
],
"word": "dún"
}
],
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"f"
],
"word": "dūne"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"word": "Dune"
},
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"word": "Dúune"
},
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "Duune"
},
{
"lang": "West Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"raw_tags": [
"n"
],
"word": "dún"
}
],
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"n"
],
"sense": "also possibly borrowed from Low German",
"word": "*dūn"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "dune"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "dune"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dune"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"raw_tags": [
"f or n"
],
"word": "dûne"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*dūna"
},
{
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "*tūna"
},
{
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "dūna"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dewh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "gem-pro:*dūnaz<unc><id:pile>",
"4": ":der",
"5": "cel-pro:*dūnom<unc>",
"id": "hill"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*duh₂-nós\", \"gloss\" : \"lasting, durable\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*dewh₂-\", \"gloss\" : \"to last\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*dweh₂-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-nós\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Celtic\", \"term\" : \"*dūnom\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"cel-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*dūnā\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" }\" data-id=\"hill\" data-lang=\"gmw-pro\" data-title=\"*dūnā\" id=\"Proto-West_Germanic:_hill\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "Uncertain"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"title": "disputed"
},
"expansion": "disputed",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dūnaz",
"t": "accumulation, pile, heap, mound"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“accumulation, pile, heap, mound”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "dúnn",
"t": "pile, heap, assembly"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse dúnn (“pile, heap, assembly”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-",
"t": "smoke, dust, haze"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, dust, haze”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*dūnom",
"t": "stronghold, rampart"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry"
},
"expansion": "Brythonic",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*din"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *din",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain and disputed; possibly from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“accumulation, pile, heap, mound”) (whence also Old Norse dúnn (“pile, heap, assembly”)), from Proto-Germanic base *dū- (“to whisk, whip up, excite, agitate, storm, be stormy”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, dust, haze”). Unlike permanent hills, sand dunes are ever-shifting due to storms and wind, and are not optimal places to build fortifications.\nAlternatively, perhaps borrowed from Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”), from the same Proto-Indo-European root above, which also developed the sense of \"hill, fortified hill\" in Brythonic; however phonology makes a borrowing from Brythonic untenable, as the vowel there shifted from ū to i giving Proto-Brythonic *din where Germanic clearly has ū.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-on",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ōn-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "*dūn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "*dūnu",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "*dūnō",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "*dūnā f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-on"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/dūnā",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"sand dune"
],
"id": "en-dūnā-gmw-pro-noun-iwGL65v5",
"links": [
[
"sand dune",
"sand dune"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hill"
],
"id": "en-dūnā-gmw-pro-noun-93~Lsh3e",
"links": [
[
"hill",
"hill"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "dūnā"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with etymon",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic feminine nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dewh₂-",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dweh₂-",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰewh₂-",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms with unknown etymologies",
"Proto-West Germanic ōn-stem nouns"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dune"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "down"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "doun"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "down"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "dune"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dune"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "down"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "doun"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "down"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "doun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"raw_tags": [
"f or m"
],
"word": "dūn"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"word": "Dune"
},
{
"lang": "West Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"word": "dún"
}
],
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "*dūn"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düün"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Dien"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyn"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "dûne"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düün"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Dien"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyn"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "dunne"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düün"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Dien"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyn"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "don"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düün"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Dien"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyn"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "done"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düün"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Dien"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyn"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"raw_tags": [
"m"
],
"word": "donne"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "*dūna"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düün"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Dien"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyn"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "dûne"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düün"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Dien"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyn"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "dunne"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düün"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Dien"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyn"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
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"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "don"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düün"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Dien"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyn"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "done"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Düün"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Dien"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Düne"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyn"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dyne"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"raw_tags": [
"m"
],
"word": "donne"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"raw_tags": [
"m"
],
"word": "*dūn"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"word": "duin"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "duin"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"word": "Dune"
},
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"word": "Dúune"
},
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "Duune"
},
{
"lang": "West Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"raw_tags": [
"n"
],
"word": "dún"
}
],
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"f"
],
"word": "dūne"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"word": "Dune"
},
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"word": "Dúune"
},
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "Duune"
},
{
"lang": "West Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"raw_tags": [
"n"
],
"word": "dún"
}
],
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"n"
],
"sense": "also possibly borrowed from Low German",
"word": "*dūn"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "dune"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "dune"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dune"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"raw_tags": [
"f or n"
],
"word": "dûne"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*dūna"
},
{
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "*tūna"
},
{
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "dūna"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dewh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "gem-pro:*dūnaz<unc><id:pile>",
"4": ":der",
"5": "cel-pro:*dūnom<unc>",
"id": "hill"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*duh₂-nós\", \"gloss\" : \"lasting, durable\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*dewh₂-\", \"gloss\" : \"to last\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*dweh₂-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-nós\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Celtic\", \"term\" : \"*dūnom\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"cel-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*dūnā\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" }\" data-id=\"hill\" data-lang=\"gmw-pro\" data-title=\"*dūnā\" id=\"Proto-West_Germanic:_hill\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "Uncertain"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"title": "disputed"
},
"expansion": "disputed",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dūnaz",
"t": "accumulation, pile, heap, mound"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“accumulation, pile, heap, mound”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "dúnn",
"t": "pile, heap, assembly"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse dúnn (“pile, heap, assembly”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-",
"t": "smoke, dust, haze"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, dust, haze”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*dūnom",
"t": "stronghold, rampart"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry"
},
"expansion": "Brythonic",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*din"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *din",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain and disputed; possibly from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“accumulation, pile, heap, mound”) (whence also Old Norse dúnn (“pile, heap, assembly”)), from Proto-Germanic base *dū- (“to whisk, whip up, excite, agitate, storm, be stormy”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, dust, haze”). Unlike permanent hills, sand dunes are ever-shifting due to storms and wind, and are not optimal places to build fortifications.\nAlternatively, perhaps borrowed from Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”), from the same Proto-Indo-European root above, which also developed the sense of \"hill, fortified hill\" in Brythonic; however phonology makes a borrowing from Brythonic untenable, as the vowel there shifted from ū to i giving Proto-Brythonic *din where Germanic clearly has ū.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-on",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ōn-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnōm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "*dūn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "*dūnu",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "*dūnō",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "*dūnā f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-on"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/dūnā",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"gmw-pro:Landforms"
],
"glosses": [
"sand dune"
],
"links": [
[
"sand dune",
"sand dune"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"hill"
],
"links": [
[
"hill",
"hill"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "dūnā"
}
Download raw JSONL data for dūnā meaning in All languages combined (15.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (d6fca27 and 65e1673). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.